There’s whole category of software that runs without OS, look up “bare metal”, for example you can run web server on raspberry pi pico and connect it to ps4 to have offline jailbreak capabilities, mind you, raspberry pi pico have 264kb of ram and 2mb of memory (up to 16mb) and dual core 133mhz cpu
A shocking number of floppy disk games were self-booting. It was the norm outside of, like, MS-DOS and Amiga.
Karateka for Apple II infamously exploited this by being double-sided. The Apple II’s floppy drive was single-sided - you had to flip the disk over to read the other side. Karateka fit on one side. If you booted it upside-down, it would play upside-down.
There’s whole category of software that runs without OS, look up “bare metal”, for example you can run web server on raspberry pi pico and connect it to ps4 to have offline jailbreak capabilities, mind you, raspberry pi pico have 264kb of ram and 2mb of memory (up to 16mb) and dual core 133mhz cpu
A shocking number of floppy disk games were self-booting. It was the norm outside of, like, MS-DOS and Amiga.
Karateka for Apple II infamously exploited this by being double-sided. The Apple II’s floppy drive was single-sided - you had to flip the disk over to read the other side. Karateka fit on one side. If you booted it upside-down, it would play upside-down.