The US Treasury Department identified the sanctioned operatives as Alexey Alexandrovich Alexandrov, Konstantin Kudryavtsev, Ivan Vladimirovich Osipov and Vladimir Alexandrovich Panyaev. Three of the four have worked with a specialized laboratory run by the Russian security service known as the FSB Criminalistics Institute. All four have previously been targeted by U.S. sanctions for acting on behalf of the FSB.