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• Depression and anxiety are not associated with an increased risk of most types of cancer in humans. • The analysis was based on data from the International Consortium on Psychosocial Factors and Cancer Incidence. • No association has been found between depression or anxiety and breast, prostate, colorectal, and alcohol-related cancers. • The presence of depression or anxiety is associated with a 6% increased risk of lung cancer and smoking-related cancers. • The risk of lung cancer and smoking-related cancers is reduced after adjusting for other risk factors. • The analysis confirms the importance of combating smoking and other unhealthy behaviors. • The results may provide relief to patients with cancer who believe their diagnosis is related to anxiety or depression. • More research is needed to accurately understand the relationship between depression, anxiety, health behaviors and lung cancer.