Treading a familiar path for women in rural Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Hiep found a factory job in dynamic Ho Chi Minh City and spent 16 years helping make shoes for Western brands such as Adidas and Nike.

Treading a familiar path for women in rural Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Hiep found a factory job in dynamic Ho Chi Minh City and spent 16 years helping make shoes for Western brands such as Adidas and Nike.

Vietnam is among the world’s largest exporters of clothing, footwear and furniture and Ho Chi Minh City and its hundreds of thousands of migrant workers have for decades helped power its manufacturing boom.

The southern metropolis offered stable jobs with decent pay, and young women in particular flocked to garment and shoe factories, where the workforce is three-quarters female.

But as living costs surge, Hiep is joining a wave of workers rejecting the commercial hub for a quieter life back home – leaving city businesses struggling to fill their ranks.

“I have stayed in this city long enough,” Hiep, 42, told AFP after her shift at a factory owned by Taiwan’s Pou Chen, one of the biggest and best-paying shoe manufacturers in the country.

“I work all day long, starting at sunrise and ending when it’s dark,” she said. “But I still struggle to pay my rent.”

Despite earning 10 million dong ($400) a month, a third more than the national average, Hiep lives in a 10-square-metre, one-room apartment with her husband and eight-year-old daughter, buying the cheapest food she can find and saving nothing.

Housing, utility, healthcare and education costs are rising across the country, and workers in Ho Chi Minh City say their salaries can no longer meet their needs.

So Hiep and her husband, a motorbike taxi driver, have decided to leave.

This week, ahead of the Tet festival when Vietnam celebrates the lunar new year, the family will make the 1,000-kilometre (621-mile) journey home to a remote corner of mountainous Quang Binh province, 24 hours and a world away from the traffic and pollution of Ho Chi Minh City and its 10 million people.

They have no plans to return.

In the decades since Vietnam’s post-war “doi moi” economic transformation, Ho Chi Minh City and the capital Hanoi have been at the heart of the “from farm to factory” trend, said professor Pham Van Dai of the country’s Fulbright University.

It is a pattern that has played out in many developing countries across the world.

But when the Covid-19 pandemic forced people out of factories and back to their homes, many found rural areas had developed, offering more opportunities than a decade earlier and a higher quality of life.

“The number of migrant workers (moving out) rose rapidly,” Dai told AFP.

In Binh Tan, a popular migrant district where Hiep lives, the number of temporary residents dropped by almost a quarter – more than 100,000 people – between 2020 and 2023, Le Thi Ngoc Dung, vice chairwoman of the local people’s committee, told state media.

And although new migrants are still arriving across the city, the number has fallen drastically – from 180,000 in 2020 to 65,000 people in 2023, according to the city’s population and planning department.

“When their income can no longer cover living costs” migrants will leave, Dai said. “The city has not shifted quick enough to create better jobs.”

In 2022, more than 60 percent of Ho Chi Minh City’s migrant population had decided to leave or were mulling it over, a survey by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the UN’s International Organization for Migration showed.

More than half blamed high living costs.

Business is beginning to feel the effects.

An August survey by ViecLamTot showed around 30 percent of manufacturers in the city faced a labour shortage, while 85 percent said they were having trouble recruiting.

For the workers themselves, the future remains uncertain.