You’re about to take your first steps in the wonderful world of Linux, but you’re overwhelmed by the amount of choices? Welcome to this (I hope) very simple guide :)
The aim of this guide is to provide simple, clear information to ease your transition as a beginner. This is not a be-all-end-all guide nor an advanced guide.
Preamble
Make sure your hardware is compatible
Nowadays most relatively recent hardware works perfectly fine on Linux, but there are some edge cases still. If you don’t use niche hardware and your wifi card is supported, chances are you’re golden. Please note that nVidia is a bad faith player in the Linux world, so if you have a GeForce GPU, expect some trouble.
Make sure your favourite apps are either available or have a good replacement on Linux
If some proprietary app is essential to your workflow and is irreplaceable, consider running it in a VM, keeping a Windows partition for it or try and run it through Wine (this is advanced stuff though).
Be aware that Linux is not Windows/MacOS
Things work differently, and this is normal. You will probably struggle at the beginning while adjusting to a new paradigm. You may have to troubleshoot some things. You may break some things in the process. You will probably get frustrated at some point or another. It’s okay. You’re learning something new, and it can be hard to shed old habits forged by years on another system.
What are the best resources out there?
Arch Wiki without a doubt. Despite being heavily tied to Arch, most of its content is readily usable to troubleshoot most modern distros, as the building blocks (Kernel, systemd, core system apps, XOrg/Wayland, your DE of choice etc.) are the same.
Okay, now to the most important questions
Which distro should I use?
There are a metric fuckload (or 1.112 imperial fucktons) of distros out there, but these can be broadly put into two main categories: general-purpose distros and niche-distros. I advise you to keep it as mainstream as possible for your first steps. A distro with a large user base, backed by a large community of maintainers and aimed at being as fuss-free as possible is always better than a one-person effort tailored to a specific use-case.
Beginner distros
These are great distros for beginners as well as more advanced users who just want to have a system that needs almost no configuration out of the box, just works and stays out of the way.
- Fedora Workstation: Clean, sensible, modern and very up to date and should work out of the box for most hardware. Despite the community’s rightful backlash against Red Hat, this is still a great distro for beginners and advanced users. Even Linus Torvalds himself favors Fedora as a daily driver. Fedora is the flagship distro for the Gnome Desktop Environment.
- Linux Mint: While I haven’t used it myself, there is a lot of praise here for this Ubuntu derivative from beginners and advanced users alike. Its main goals are ease of use and being the flagship distro for the Cinnamon DE, which is very similar to Windows and may ease the transition for new users.
- Pop!_OS: Backed by hardware Linux vendor System76, this Ubuntu derivative shares some of the issues with its infamous parent, but its heavily modified Gnome DE looks and feels nice.
- I do not recommend Ubuntu nor Manjaro: despite being marketed as “beginner friendly distros”, and despite often running perfectly fine, these two have major issues in management, packaging policies or philosophy that might make your life as a beginner difficult. Ubuntu suffers from it’s parent company’s goal to make Ubuntu kinda-Linux-but-not-really, and there are some great derivatives like the ones cited above that work equally well but revert some of the most controversial decisions made by Canonical. Manjaro might seem appealing as a “beginner-friendly” Arch derivative and some of its tools are fantastic to remove some configuration burden, but ongoing mismanagement issues and the fact that it needs regular maintenance as updates often break stuff prevent it from being a truly beginner distro.
Advanced distros
So you’ve taken your first steps, you’re starting to be really comfortable with Linux, and you want to get your hands dirty and really learn what’s happening under the surface? These should not be installed as your first distro, unless you like extremely steep learning curves and being overwhelmed.
- Debian: as one of the oldest, still maintained distros and the granddaddy of probably half of the distros out there, Debian is built like a tank. A very stringent policy of focusing on bug and security fixes over new features makes Debian extremely stable and predictable, but it can also feel a bit outdated. Still a rock-solid experience, with a lot to tinker with despite very sensible defaults. It is an incredible learning tool and is as “Standard Linux” as can be.
- Arch: The opposite of Debian in philosophy, packages often come to Arch almost as soon as the source code is released. Expect a lot of manual installation and configuration, daily updates, and regularly fixing stuff. An incredible learning tool too, that will make you intimate with the inner workings of Linux.
Which Desktop Environment should I use?
This is entirely up to you, and depends on your preferences.
- Gnome: Full featured yet very minimalist, Gnome is a great DE that eschews the traditional Desktop metaphor. Like MacOS, out of the box, it provides the strongly opinionated developers’ vision of a user experience. Fortunately, unlike MacOS, there are thousands of extensions to tweak and extend the looks and behaviour of the DE. Dash-to-dock or Dash-to-panel are great if you want a more MacOS-like or Windows-like experience, Blur My Shell is great if you love blurry transparent things, Appindicator is a must, and everything else is up to you. Gnome’s development cycle is highly regular and all core components and apps follow the same release schedule, which explains why a lot of distros choose it as their default DE.
- KDE Plasma: Full featured and maximalist, Plasma does not cater to a single design philosophy, is very flexible and can be tweaked almost ad infinitum. This may be an advantage for people who like to spend hours making the perfect environment, or a disadvantage as the possibilities can be overwhelming, and the added complexity may compromise stability, bugginess or completeness. There is no single development cycle for core components and apps, which makes it a bit more difficult for distro maintainers.
- Cinnamon: If you want the most “windows-like” experience out of the box, Cinnamon is great. As I have no experience with it, I’ll let the Mint users praise it in the comments :D
- Lightweight DEs for old or underpowered machines: The likes of XFCE, LXDE, LXQt are great if you want to ressurect an old machine, but lack the bells and whistles of the aforementioned DEs.
Philosophical questions, or “I heard conflicting stuff over the Internet and now I’m scared”
You’ve done your research, you’re almost ready to take the plunge, you even read a lot of stuff on this very community, but people seem very passionately for or against stuff. What should you do?
Shoud I learn the command line?
Yes, eventually. To be honest, nowadays a lot of things can be configured on the fly graphically, through your DE’s settings. But sometimes, it’s much more efficient to work on the command line, and sometimes it’s the only way to fix something. It’s not that difficult, and you can be reasonably productive by understanding just about a dozen very simple commands.
I have a very old laptop/desktop, should I use a distro from this era?
Noooo!. Contrary to Windows and MacOS which only work correctly on period-correct computers, Linux runs perfectly well on any hardware from the last 20 to 30 years. You will not gain performance by using an old distro, but you will gain hundreds of critical security flaws that have been since corrected. If you need to squeeze performance out of an old computer, use a lightweight graphical environment or repurpose it as a headless home server.
Should I be concerned about systemd?
No. In short, systemd is fine and all major distros have switched to systemd years ago. Even the extremely cautious people behind Debian have used systemd as default since 2015. Not wanting to use systemd is a niche more rooted in philosophical rather than practical or technical reasons, and leads to much deeper issues than you should concern yourself with as a beginner. (Thanks @[email protected] for the precisions)
Should I be concerned about XOrg/Wayland?
Yes and No, but mostly No. First off, most distros install both Wayland and XOrg by default, so if one is not satisfying to you, try the other. Remember in the preamble when I said nVidia was a bad actor? Well, most of people’s complaints about Wayland are because of nVidia and their shitty drivers, so GeForce users should stay on XOrg for now. But like it or not, XOrg is dead and unmaintained, and Wayland is the present and future. XOrg did too many things, carried too many features from the 80’s and 90’s and its codebase is a barely maintainable mess. Wayland solves that by being just a simple display protocol with a much smaller codebase, and offloading feature development to the compositors.
Should I look for a gaming-focused distro?
No. General purpose distros are perfectly fine for gaming. You can install Steam, Lutris, Heroic, Itch etc. and use Proton just fine on almost anything. Even Debian. In short, yes, you can game on Linux, there are great tutorials on the internet.
Should I be concerned about Flatpaks and/or Snaps?
Not really. Flatpaks are great, and more and more developers package their apps directly in Flatpak format. As a rule of thumb, for user facing applications, if your app store gives you the choice between Flatpak and your native package manager version, choose the most recent version. Snaps however are a Canonical/Ubuntu thing, so as long as you avoid Ubuntu, its spins and its derivatives that still include Snaps, you should be fine. They tend to take a lot longer to startup than regular apps or Flatpaks, the snap store is proprietary, centralized and Canonical controls every part of it. If you’re fine with that, have fun. (Thanks @[email protected] for the precisions)
Should I follow The Way?
Yes. One does not speak unless one knows. You can take your helmet off in public tho.
Feel free to help correct, expand, or simplify this guide :)
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deleted by creator
Sorry, the goal here was to offer a few sensible alternatives, not overwhelm the reader with choices. The gist here is “start with something solid, reputable and popular, branch out later”.
Too much choices lead to analysis paralysis, and to goal here is to learn how to swim first. There are dozens of great distros, probably more than half of that worthy to be on this list, as there are dozens of great DEs, probably more than half of that worthy to be on this list.
not overwhelm the reader with choices
Then why even mention arch? Especially a guide claiming to be for beginners? Using your own metaphor, that’s like teaching someone to swim by tossing them into a shark infested reef.
Because most people getting interested in Linux have heard of Arch, and might think “well there is a very vocal community of Arch users, this might be a great place to start”.
They didn’t include my distro of choice (Gentoo) or my desktop environment (TDE) . . . but I’m not surprised. Lists like this aren’t meant to be exhaustive, and they always reflect the author’s biases and what they’ve been exposed to. Not including someone else’s favourites doesn’t make them bad lists for the purpose they’re intended to serve.
Probably the best way to deal with newbie choice paralysis is a big flowchart, or a questionaire: "Which of these are important to you: ‘just works’ - stability - customizability - organizational transparency - keeping up with the bleeding edge - . . . "
They didn’t include my distro of choice (Gentoo) or my desktop environment (TDE)
To be fair, these would both be absolutely terrible suggestions for beginners.
Gentoo is a bad choice for a generic newb, yes, but I would say that Arch is too.
TDE wouldn’t necessarily be a bad choice for first-timers if any distro of significance preinstalled it, but the extra installation work pretty much wipes out the user-friendliness it might offer, alas.
Doesn’t really make sense to recommend suse as a first-time distro since knowledge of it doesn’t really carry over to other distros.
It’s kind of its own thing with YaST.
I’d recommend pretty much any major distro for beginners before opensuse, even Fedora. At least with Fedora you gain some Red Hat knowledge.
This saddens me too. I use Tumbleweed for years and it’s awesome. Prebuilt snapper is lifesaver for beginners too!
For me, the fact that Chris Titus basically said “the opensuse installer is better” is, I think, more praise than OpenSUSE has receive in years , but far less than it deserves. Honestly, the only issue I had with Tumbleweed was the notoriously slow package manager. I think it’s the only package manager slower than dnf, and even installing apps by appending them to configuration.nix (if you so choose) on NixOS felt far faster than using zypper. I really like Yast, though.
Request for clarifications “for beginners”:
systemd, XOrg, Wayland - you have mentioned those without an explanation of what they are.
Last time I did anything with linux, Ubuntu was all the rage. I’m interested in hearing more details about what makes it a distro to avoid.
@snaptastic, please let me know if this comment is relevant enough.
Nothing. OP is being an idealogue that is doing a disservice to new users.
Snap can be undesirable for some, but honestly Ubuntu works very well for beginners and arguably has a more intuitive gnome interface by default.
I’ve updated my post with “I heard conflicting stuff over the Internet and now I’m scared” and an introduction. Those are legitimate questions for people who, like me, do a lot of research before committing to something. Some of the discussions here and in other communities might scare people off, as they might feel they’ve done the “wrong” choice or are afraid to do the “wrong” choice.
Sorry, but this guide is all over the place.
You mention Arch before other distros and never even explain what a distros is (e.g. ‘a flavor of Linux with a choice of preinstalled software’).
Then you say that it’s a beginners and not an advanced tutorial, but mention advanced distros.
Also your reasons for the beginner distros are not well written:
- Fedora mentions “rightful backlash against the company”
- Linux Mint “I haven’t used”
- Pop OS “shares some issues”
Why take one of them? They all sound difficult or weird. (to a newby reader)
Then the part about Ubuntu and Manjaro which is longer than the 3 distros you recommend. This has major “Linux fanboy bashing other Linux fanboys” vibes.
The rest I really liked, maybe replace “this era” with “its era”.
I am always amused by how “Linux newbie” guides are consistently tons of pages of choice paralysis and esoteric concepts but they all take a stop at “well, the UI looks kinda like Windows on this one, so that will probably help”.
Look, I’m not particularly new to Linux, but also don’t daily drive it. In my experience the UI is not the problem. Ever. Compatibility and setup are the problem. Every Linux distro I’ve ever seen is perfectly usable, nitpicks aside. The part that will make a newcomer bounce off is configuration. Especially if they’re trying to mess with relatively unusual hardware like laptops driven by proprietary software, with MUX switched GPUs and whatnot. Only people deep into the ecosystem care about the minutia of the UI and the package management.
There are daily threads started by new users who say stuff like “I read that systemd is bad, should I switch to [insert systemd-less distro here]” or “My RTX 4080 runs Sim City 2000 at 12 FPS, is Linux trash?”, so there seems to be a need to at least help alleviate the fears of people who read conflicting stuff (or downright flamewars) on the internet and might be overwhelmed by those conflicts.
I’d agree that can be an issue, but my guess is that trying to resolve those preemptively just adds to the perception of flamewars and drama around the platform. I’m a big proponent of not bringing stuff up to newcomers unless it’s very directly in their way.
Ultimately a new user moving to a new OS needs two things: for everything that used to work for them to still work AND for at least one thing that didn’t use to work to work better.
A useful guide for newcomers should drive to making those two things true, IMO. Sitting there choosing the nicest looking UI is a great passtime for tinkerers, but newcomers need exactly one option: the one that works. They can get to the fun customization later.
To me at the moment this reads less like a welcoming introduction to a exciting new alternative and more like a cautionary tale of why I shouldn’t try. Oh, so my Nvidia hardware is a no-go, most of my apps may not work, I have to choose from a bunch of stuff that all looks the same to me and apparently there is a crapton of drama about things I have never heard about or understand, but that people seem to have very strong opinions about. Well, I guess my old printer no longer being supported on Win11 is not that big of a deal…
I’m not trying to be mean or anything, I’m saying this constructively. Experts have a tendency to underestimate how lost newcomers can get and to misunderstand what the real roadblocks and churn points are. I’m trying to provide a perspective on those.
I thought this was an exceptional breakdown that shouldn’t be lumped in with the others. Did you read the post, or skim it and make assumptions?
Despite snaps and Canonical’s BS, Ubuntu is the best distro for beginners because it “just works” in a way other distros do not. You are doing new users a disservice by telling them to avoid it.
(Note: I personally dislike Ubuntu. This isn’t about fanboyism; this is about giving credit where it’s due.)
not OP, but Mint is on the list and, being a Ubuntu derivative, it “just works” too
Fair enough. Being a KDE user, I tend to think about Kubuntu a lot more than Mint.
Same about Manjaro, it’s probably the most beginner-friendly Arch distro. Arch is inherently not beginner-friendly, of course any distro that attempts to make it more so will have to change a couple of things. It’s a pity some people can’t see beyond keeping Arch “pure”.
I’ve actually had pretty bad experiences with Manjaro. No. 1, it cones with a lot of “apps” that aren’t obvious in what they do, and package management on Arch and Arch-based distros is very very not obvious to beginners (Syu? What does Syu mean. Wait, you mean I’m updating my whole system every time I want to install something? Where’s GNOME Software? Etc)
Manjaro has a graphical app for installing and upgrading software, as well as one for managing kernel versions and one for drivers. You don’t need to know about the command line options if you don’t want to.
Are those the apps you’re taking about?
Yeah I know it has a GUI app for installing software, though IIRC isn’t it more similar to something like Synaptic than GSoftware?
Manjaro usually ships two versions depending on the DE you choose, one is minimal which doesn’t even include flatpaks and the other is full which what sounds like you had.
Also you don’t have to be typing pacman -Syu if you use the GUI tools like pamac to update the system, and if you still want to use the terminal instead of type yay which does a pacman -Syu and also updates your aur packages.
Hmm… I may have to try Manjaro again, but the simple fact that there are 2 GUI package managers is not a great sign for total noobs. The main reason I’ve been staying away from it tho is the cert controversy and the arch repo ddos.
There were no arch repo ddos, there were cases where the AUR went down because pamac was searching Aur packages as users were typing package names on it and turns out there were way too many users going into the Aur. It is actually quite sad how much disinformation there is about manjaro that even the manjarno snorlax repo recently corrected a bunch of critism it had about manjaro before being taken down lol.
Also Manjaro only ships pamac with KDE in both versions, no idea if gnome includes their store in their packages. Manjaro also includes already functional and useful versions of window managers like i3 that are already setup, if it wasn’t for it I would have never discovered how useful i3 is because setting i3 from the beginning is very difficult.
I’ve ran my gaming pc on Manjaro for about 2 years. There were too many issues to list here, but the one huge problem for me for new users is updates.
You have to wait for the semi-regular “stable update” post, check the major issues and act accordingly. This shouldn’t happen in a “beginner friendly” distro. I mean, those posts are great, but all other majors distros update without intervention.
Also, I always updated from the tty as there’s a weird “never update inside Gnome” policy.
You have to wait for the semi-regular “stable update” post, check the major issues and act accordingly.
You don’t have to wait for them, you can update without it. The vast majority of issues in those posts are caused by the upstream packages not by Manjaro. If you use one of those packages and if an update brings a problem and if you’re affected by it you can read the latest post to see if there’s a readily available solution that someone in the Manjaro community has already found. It’s a community service not a mandatory read.
This shouldn’t happen in a “beginner friendly” distro.
You have to keep in mind it’s still an Arch derivative. I said the most beginner-friendly among Arch distros, not the most beginner-friendly in the world. Arch is a bleeding-edge rolling-release distro. When you keep constantly updating tens of thousands of packages to their latest versions some of them will occasionally have bugs. It’s the price you pay for staying on the bleeding edge.
all other majors distros update without intervention.
Please. If only that were true.
I have updated Debian across 4 major releases without issues. I have daily updates on Fedora without issues. I had to do maintenance probably monthly on Manjaro.
Arch doesn’t do things for you, therefore Manjaro doesn’t do things for you. This means you are the one who needs to do the maintenance and upgrade config files and such. It is interesting, it is formative, but it is not for beginners who might get the impression that Linux needs constant maintenance and breaks often.
I don’t know what to tell you. I’ve never had to do any “maintenance” on Manjaro.
Also whenever I run into someone saying they had lots of issues on Manjaro they can never remember what they were.
Great write up, thanks!
You can use the bangs
!archor!awto search the arch wiki, e.g.!aw kde.I don’t think dash to dock is a must have extensiom. The workflow of GNOME is different to other opersting systems. That’s why GNOME boots into overview and not the desktop. The overview is there to launch an app or switch to it graphically. When you boot the system the first thing would be to go into overview to launch an app, hence it boots directly into overview. Removing dash from overview defeats the purpose of it.
But “hot bottom” is important otherwise you have to move the mouse into the upper left corner in order to move the mouse to the bottom to launch an app which is nuts.
I don’t like the philosophy of “if they do it, it’s safe”. But I couldn’t explain it in one sentence either. Not only debian but all big distros have systemd. Not having systemd is such a nieche that you shouldn’t bother with it as a beginner.
Snaps. You don’t provide info why snaps are bad. The snap store is centralized and canonical controls every part of it. Moreover, I’ve never read that snaps are reproducible. Flatpaks are technically reproducible. And we all want and need reproducible builds because then we don’t have to trust but know that it’s the original and published source code.
Am I the only person that just uses the Super/Windows key to navigate GNOME. Super to open up the global search and dock, Super again quickly to open up the full app menu, and Super again to go back. Or just press Super and type name of the app you want to run
Nah I use Super and Super-A all the time when docked. Otherwise I mostly use trackpad gestures.
The three finger swipe is soo good
Thank you for your feedback!
I’m enriching this guide with the info you provided :)
I don’t want to spread FUD that snaps aren’t reproducible. I just don’t know that they are and there is no source stating they are or aren’t.
Neither, flatpak not snaps are with https://reproducible-builds.org/who/projects/ which is bad of both.
You’re right. I’m changing this paragraph.
I use Ubuntu as a noob coming from MacOS, and everything is going just fine. I am loving the Linux experience.
In my opinion, knowing how to work with the terminal is important and being confident with it as well.
Also, there is a lot of youtube videos and channels of very helpful people.
I strongly recommend Mint Cinnamon for those coming from Windows. It just works and feels similar, though it’s not a perfect comparison and will require you to explore things a little bit. Even so, you should be able to run most things without the command line or worrying about how the OS and file system are structured
I cannot agree more. I put my grandfather on Linux Mint and he got up and running in minutes. He said it reminded him of Windows XP.
Did something similar with my aunt. She bought this laptop that had Windows 10 installed on a hard disk. Right click the Start menu to open the Properties dialog, go make a sandwich, you’ll have half the sandwich eaten before the right click menu opens.
I added a SATA SSD and a stick of RAM, and a copy of Mint Cinnamon. She took right to it, especially when I showed her how the software manager worked and that it’s very similar to the Play Store on her Samsung tablet.
Reminded her a lot of the WinXP and Win7 desktops she used to have.
On the matter of Ubuntu I think the issues with the OS need to be clarified. From the positive perspective, it is easy to use and just works. From the negative side, it’s become more and more bespoke over time. The Snaps being proprietary and a lot of work in the terminal to activate functions enjoyed out-of-the-box by almost all other distros is very unfriendly. And, I would suggest there are numerous other distros that “just work” but without Ubuntu’s baggage. Mint, Pop_OS!, and Fedora are all easy to install, setup, and use. Even KDE’s Neon is dirt simple to install and use and offers a great KDE experience, if you like that.
That said, however, I believe that Mint is the best distro for new users, though Fedora and Pop are close behind.
Thanks for this great writeup about what makes Ubuntu its own thing rather than standard.
Any beginner guide that advises against Ubuntu does disservice to beginners. It’s doing the opposite of helping beginners get into Linux. Ubuntu is still the easiest on-ramp to Linux today by far, despite anyone’s feelings about Canonical. Avoiding it harms Linux adoption.
I don’t get the hate for Ubuntu, it just works. For those who don’t care what setup in their system. Especially those who are coming from Windows or MacOS its a good stepping stone.
Make sure your hardware is compatible
Perhaps it’s important to point towards resources where new users can check compatibility; like e.g. linux-hardware.org. Or even better ones that I’m unaware of.
I think one should first jump from DE to DE and find the best choice for them. Then look at distros that implement those DE really well. 🙂
Another ressource that might be useful: https://distrochooser.de/
I find it to be quite inaccurate depending on who you are. As a beginner, it’s fine, but for me, for example, the distro I’m looking for is Arch-meets-NixOS. All the packages I need, with the packages being easy to install, avoiding compiling wherever possible, NOT immutable, and having a Stable release, with a 6-month release cycle.
So… Fedora + Distrobox ?
I love how this expansive, barely-biased summary - which is WAY above-bar, to be clear - is followed up by everyone’s “this is my favourite distro and you should run it too” even if it’s completely badly-matched.
