I guess it depends how you evaluate “holding up”. There are inconsistencies and holes in the way their system works if you look at everyone as omniscient, but it’s pretty clear they aren’t, so most of the stuff you can point to could just as easily be explained as not understanding the system fully. I’d say Janet is the hardest to reconcile in terms of continuity, though.

There are a lot of real examples of real philosophical dilemmas, and the show does a good job of showing the cruelties of some of those systems in a visible way. I think Chidi is absolutely believable as at the level of knowledge of a philosophy professor. It’s worth noting that a core trait of the field is questioning the actually unknowable, so there isn’t a “real” answer to compare to.