Basically, the actual processor on the card is made by Nvidia and sold to card manufacturering companies like Asus, Zotac, ect. Those manufacturers will then build the rest of the graphics card around that processor. Most of the card will be very similar between manufacturers, as the processors require very specific card designs but some layout details, cooling, overclock specifics, and appearance can all be changed by the card manufacturer. As well as that, different manufacturers will have different design and quality standards, and different support systems.

The main differences will be the overclock that is applied from the factory, and that mostly depends on the quality of the cooler and fans, and the quality of the power delivery components. Lower end cards will have louder and less efficient coolers, and a less capable power delivery system which will make an overclocked card less stable and more prone to overheating. But in reality the difference is minimal, like low single digit performance difference minimal.

So.

A given gpu is purchased by whomever and slapped onto the card. 5070ti is the gpu, but there’s other things like graphics memory, cooling, power management stuffs. The excessive rbg LEDs…. Etc.

Those things are all different.